Root Cause

• Incorrect billing address: The address entered by the customer does not match the one registered with their bank.
• Typographical errors: Mistakes in street, ZIP/postal code, or country entries.
• Outdated address: The customer has recently moved but has not updated their billing address with the issuer.
• International formatting issues: Differences in address structure and formatting between regions or countries.

Troubleshooting and Solutions

• Inform the customer that their billing address does not match the one on file with their card issuer.
• Ask the customer to double-check their address details for accuracy.
• Ask the customer to update their billing address with their bank if it has changed recently.
• Retry the transaction after the customer corrects the address.
• Ensure the billing address is correctly formatted and passed to the payment gateway.
• Consider implementing AVS-specific error messaging at checkout for faster resolution.